Issue

Vol. 6 No. 1 (2022): APRIL

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Ostrom’s Design Principles as Steering Principles for Contractual Governance in “Hotbeds”

https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v6i1.17993
Taufik Haryanto
PhD candidate at Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1706-5949
Josephine van Zeben
Chair of the LAW group at Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2277-4475
Kai Purnhagen
Chaired Professor of Food Law at Faculty of Life Science and Faculty of Law, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9902-7347

Corresponding Author(s) : Taufik Haryanto

[email protected]

Forest and Society, Vol. 6 No. 1 (2022): APRIL

Abstract

The sustainability of complex contractual governance in “hotbeds” depends on steering principles. Ostrom’s design principles provide an analytical framework for robust institutions that enable collective action and cooperative behaviour. The success of Ostrom’s design principles depends on the capacity of social entities to self-govern. This article explores the potential of Ostrom’s design principles as such steering principles for contractual governance in “hotbeds”. We find that the preconditions for successful contractual networks in “hotbeds” and the empirical situations underlying Ostrom’s design principles are comparable. Building on this comparability, we apply Ostrom’s design principles to contractual networks in “hotbeds” area theoretically, and then go on to demonstrate its applied value to three situations in West Papua, Indonesia.

Keywords

contractual networks Ostrom’s design principles West Papua Indonesia governance
Haryanto, T., van Zeben, J., & Purnhagen, K. (2022). Ostrom’s Design Principles as Steering Principles for Contractual Governance in “Hotbeds”. Forest and Society, 6(1), 175-201. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v6i1.17993
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. Agostini, V. N., Grantham, H. S., Wilson, J., Mangubhai, S., Rotinsulu, C., Hidayat, N., ... & Possingham, H. P. (2012). Achieving fisheries and conservation objectives within marine protected areas: zoning the Raja Ampat network. The Nature Conservancy, Indonesia Marine Program, Denpasar, Indonesia.
  2. Agrawal, A. (2001a). Common property institutions and sustainable governance of resources. World Development, 29(10), 1649-1672. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00063-8
  3. Agrawal, A. (2001b). State formation in community spaces? Decentralization of control over forests in the Kumaon Himalaya, India. The Journal of Asian Studies, 60(1), 9-40. https://doi.org/10.2307/2659503
  4. Al Mamun, A., & Brook, R. K. (2015). Evaluating local rules and practices for avoiding tragedies in small-scale fisheries of oxbow lakes, Southern Bangladesh. International Journal of the Commons, 9(2). 772–807. http://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.564
  5. Anderson, B. (2015). Papua's insecurity: state failure in the Indonesian periphery. Policy Studies Np. 72. East-West Center.
  6. Andersson, K., Benavides, J. P., & León, R. (2014). Institutional diversity and local forest governance. Environmental Science & Policy, 36, 61-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2013.07.009
  7. Araral, E. (2013). A transaction cost approach to climate adaptation: Insights from Coase, Ostrom and Williamson and evidence from the 400-year old zangjeras. Environmental Science & Policy, 25, 147-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2012.08.005
  8. Aubriot, O. (2002). Governing Irrigation Systems in Nepal. Institutions, Infrastructure, and Collective Action. Mountain Research and Development, 22(1), 91-93. https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2002)022[0088:ROWSCR]2.0.CO;2
  9. Babili, I. H., Mtalo, E., Kajembe, G. C., & van der Wal, H. (2015). Institutional change and institutional performance under decentralized forest management in Babati District, Tanzania. Small-scale Forestry, 14(3), 381-400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-015-9294-x
  10. Bardhan, P. (2000). Irrigation and cooperation: An empirical analysis of 48 irrigation communities in South India. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 48(4), 847-865. https://doi.org/10.1086/452480
  11. Barnett, A. J., & Anderies, J. M. (2014). Weak feedbacks, governance mismatches, and the robustness of social-ecological systems: an analysis of the Southwest Nova Scotia lobster fishery with comparison to Maine. Ecology and Society, 19(4), 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-06714-190439
  12. Black, J., & Kingsford Smith, D. (2002). Critical reflections on regulation [Plus a reply by Dimity Kingsford Smith.]. Australasian Journal of Legal Philosophy, 27(2002), 1-46. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/ielapa.200206927
  13. Blomkvist, P., & Larsson, J. (2013). An analytical framework for common-pool resource–large technical system (CPR-LTS) constellations. International Journal of the Commons, 7(1), 113–139. http://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.353.
  14. Bradach, J. L., & Eccles, R. G. (1989). Price, authority, and trust: From ideal types to plural forms. Annual Review of Sociology, 15(1), 97-118. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.15.080189.000525
  15. Brechin, S. R., Wilshusen, P. R., Fortwangler, C. L., & West, P. C. (2002). Beyond the square wheel: toward a more comprehensive understanding of biodiversity conservation as social and political process. Society & Natural Resources, 15(1), 41-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/089419202317174011
  16. Brondizio, E. S., Ostrom, E., & Young, O. R. (2009). Connectivity and the governance of multilevel social-ecological systems: the role of social capital. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 34, 253-278. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.environ.020708.100707
  17. Cafaggi, F. (2011). Contractual networks, inter-firm cooperation and economic growth, Edward Elgar Publishing.
  18. Carter, D. P., & Weible, C. M. (2014). Assessing rule compliance and robustness in recreational resource management. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 16(1), 117-139. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2013.821943
  19. Cavalcanti, C., Schläpfer, F., & Schmid, B. (2010). Public participation and willingness to cooperate in common-pool resource management: A field experiment with fishing communities in Brazil. Ecological Economics, 69(3), 613-622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.09.009
  20. Chaudhary, P., Chhetri, N. B., Dorman, B., Gegg, T., Rana, R. B., Shrestha, M., … Thapa, S. (2015). Turning conflict into collaboration in managing commons: A case of Rupa Lake Watershed, Nepal. International Journal of the Commons, 9(2), 744–771. http://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.561.
  21. Cinti, A., Duberstein, J. N., Torreblanca, E., & Moreno-Báez, M. (2014). Overfishing drivers and opportunities for recovery in small-scale fisheries of the Midriff Islands Region, Gulf of California, Mexico: the roles of land and sea institutions in fisheries sustainability. Ecology and Society, 19(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-05570-190115
  22. Colding, J., & Barthel, S. (2019). Exploring the social-ecological systems discourse 20 years later. Ecology and Society, 24(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-10598-240102
  23. Collen, W., Krause, T., Mundaca, L., & Nicholas, K. A. (2016). Building local institutions for national conservation programs: lessons for developing Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) programs. Ecology and Society, 21(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-08156-210204
  24. Cook, K. (Ed.). (2001). Trust in Society. Russell Sage Foundation.
  25. Cox, M., Arnold, G., & Tomás, S. V. (2010). A review of design principles for community-based natural resource management. Ecology and Society, 15(4). http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-03704-150438
  26. Deepananda, K. A., Amarasinghe, U. S., & Jayasinghe-Mudalige, U. K. (2016). Neither bust nor boom: Institutional robustness in the beach seine fishery of southern Sri Lanka. Ocean & Coastal Management, 128, 61-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.04.020
  27. Degnet, M. B., van der Werf, E., Ingram, V., & Wesseler, J. H. (2020). Do locals have a say? Community experiences of participation in governing Forest plantations in Tanzania. Forests, 11(7), 782. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11070782
  28. Dolfing, B., & Snellen, W. B. (1999). Sustainability of Dutch water boards: Appropriate design characteristics for self-governing water management organisations. ILRI.
  29. Eshuis, J., & Van Woerkum, C. (2003). Trust and monitoring in governance processes: lessons from landscape management by farmers in a Dutch municipality. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 5(4), 379-396. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908032000171620
  30. Fatem, S. M. (2019). Connecting social forestry to conservation policies in Tanah Papua. Forest and Society, 3(1), 141-147. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v3i1.5865
  31. Fatem, S. M., Awang, S. A., Pudyatmoko, S., Sahide, M. A., Pratama, A. A., & Maryudi, A. (2018). Camouflaging economic development agendas with forest conservation narratives: A strategy of lower governments for gaining authority in the re-centralising Indonesia. Land Use Policy, 78, 699-710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.07.018
  32. Fleischman, F. D., Loken, B., Garcia-Lopez, G. A., & Villamayor-Tomas, S. (2014). Evaluating the utility of common-pool resource theory for understanding forest governance and outcomes in Indonesia between 1965 and 2012. International Journal of the Commons, 8(2), 304–336. http://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.409.
  33. Gautam, A. P., & Shivakoti, G. P. (2005). Conditions for successful local collective action in forestry: some evidence from the hills of Nepal. Society and Natural Resources, 18(2), 153-171. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920590894534
  34. Gaveau, D. (2018). Drivers of forest loss in Papua and West Papua. CIFOR.
  35. German, L. (2018). Catalyzing self-governance: Addressing multi-faceted collective action dilemmas in densely settled agrarian landscapes. International Journal of the Commons, 12(2), 217–250. http://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.852
  36. Gómez, F. & Cafaggi, F. (2011). Cooperation, long-term relationships and open-endedness in contractual networks. In Cafaggi, F. (Ed.), Contractual Networks, Inter-Firm Cooperation and Economic Growth (21-38). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849809696.00008
  37. Haapala, J., Rautanen, S.-L., White, P., Keskinen, M., & Varis, O. (2016). Facilitating bricolage through more organic institutional designs? The case of water users’ associations in rural Nepal. International Journal of the Commons, 10(2), 1172–1201. http://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.688.
  38. Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons: the population problem has no technical solution; it requires a fundamental extension in morality. Science, 162(3859), 1243-1248. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.162.3859.1243
  39. Haryanto, T., & Purnhagen, K. P. (2019). Governing Nature Conservation in Political Hotbeds: a Contractual Approach. Hastings Environmental Law Journal, 25, 143-160.
  40. Holbrook, J. B. (2013). What is interdisciplinary communication? Reflections on the very idea of disciplinary integration. Synthese, 190(11), 1865-1879. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-012-0179-7
  41. Hoole, A. F. (2009). Place-power-prognosis: Community-based conservation, partnerships, and ecotourism enterprises in Namibia. International Journal of the Commons, 4(1), 78–99. http://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.112
  42. Hoshino, E., van Putten, I., Girsang, W., Resosudarmo, B. P., & Yamazaki, S. (2016). A Bayesian belief network model for community-based coastal resource management in the Kei Islands, Indonesia. Ecology and Society, 21(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-08285-210216
  43. Hovik, S., Sandström, C., & Zachrisson, A. (2010). Management of protected areas in Norway and Sweden: challenges in combining central governance and local participation. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 12(2), 159-177. https://doi.org/10.1080/15239081003719219
  44. Jentoft, S. (2017). Small-scale fisheries within maritime spatial planning: knowledge integration and power. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 19(3), 266-278. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2017.1304210
  45. Koch, S., Faust, H., & Barkmann, J. (2008). Differences in power structures regarding access to natural resources at the village level in Central Sulawesi (Indonesia). ASEAS-Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 1(2), 59-81. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-362609
  46. Kooiman, J. (2003). Governing as Governance. Sage.
  47. Krott, M., Bader, A., Schusser, C., Devkota, R., Maryudi, A., Giessen, L., & Aurenhammer, H. (2014). Actor-centred power: The driving force in decentralised community based forest governance. Forest Policy and Economics, 49, 34-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2013.04.012
  48. Krupa, M. B., Chapin III, F. S., & Lovecraft, A. L. (2014). Robustness or resilience? Managing the intersection of ecology and engineering in an urban Alaskan fishery. Ecology and Society, 19(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-06274-190217
  49. Larson, A. M., & Springer, J. (2016). Recognition and Respect for Tenure Rights. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).
  50. Larsson, J. (2016). Conflict-resolution mechanisms maintaining an agricultural system. Early modern local courts as an arena for solving collective-action problems within Scandinavian Civil Law. International Journal of the Commons, 10(2), 1100–1118. http://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.666
  51. London, S., Rojas, M. L., Ibáñez Martin, M. M., Scordo, F., Andrea Huamantinco Cisneros, M., Luján Bustos, M., … Cintia Piccolo, M. (2017). Characterization of an artisanal fishery in Argentina using the social-ecological systems framework. International Journal of the Commons, 11(1), 1–69. http://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.534
  52. Lundqvist, L. J. (2001). Games real farmers play: knowledge, memory and the fate of collective action to prevent eutrophication of water catchments. Local Environment, 6(4), 407-419. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549830120091707
  53. Macaulay, S. (1963). Non-contractual relations in business: A preliminary study. American Sociological Review, 28(1), 55-67. https://doi.org/10.2307/2090458
  54. Macneil, I. R. (1973). The many futures of contracts. Southern California Law Review, 47, 691.
  55. Mansoben, J. R. (1994). Sistem Politik Tradisional di Irian Jaya, Indonesia: Studi Perbandingan [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Leiden.
  56. Nobre, D. M., Alarcon, D. T., Cinti, A., & Schiavetti, A. (2017). Governance of the Cassurubá Extractive Reserve, Bahia State, Brazil: An analysis of strengths and weaknesses to inform policy. Marine Policy, 77, 44-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.12.008
  57. Marshall, G. R. (2004). Farmers cooperating in the commons? A study of collective action in salinity management. Ecological Economics, 51(3-4), 271-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.06.016
  58. Masolo, C., Vieu, L., Bottazzi, E., Catenacci, C., Ferrario, R., Gangemi, A. & Guarino, N. (2004). Social Roles and their Descriptions. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on the Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR2004), 267-277. AAAI Press.
  59. McLeod, E., Szuster, B., & Salm, R. (2009). Sasi and marine conservation in Raja Ampat, Indonesia. Coastal Management, 37(6), 656-676. https://doi.org/10.1080/08920750903244143
  60. Minato, W., Curtis, A., & Allan, C. (2010). Social norms and natural resource management in a changing rural community. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 12(4), 381-403. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2010.531084
  61. MoEF. (2019). Rekalkulasi Penutupan Lahan Indonesia Tahun 2018. Ministry of Environtment and Forestry.
  62. Morawetz, D. (2017). Land tenure conversion in the Northern District of Papua. NEW Guinea Research Bulletin No. 17. New Guinea Re search Unit.
  63. Mwangi, E., & Wardell, A. (2012). Multi-level governance of forest resources (Editorial to the special feature). International Journal of the Commons, 6(2), 79–103. http://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.374.
  64. Naess, P. (2004). Live and let die: the tragedy of Hardin's social Darwinism. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 6(1), 19-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908042000259668
  65. Naiga, R., Penker, M., & Hogl, K. (2015). Challenging pathways to safe water access in rural Uganda: From supply to demand-driven water governance. International Journal of the Commons, 9(1), 237–260. http://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.480
  66. Oberlack, C., LaHaela Walter, P., Schmerbeck, J., & Tiwari, B. K. (2015). Institutions for sustainable forest governance: Robustness, equity, and cross-level interactions in Mawlyngbna, Meghalaya, India. International Journal of the Commons, 9(2), 670–697. http://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.538.
  67. Obidzinski, K., Andriani, R., Komarudin, H., & Andrianto, A. (2012). Environmental and social impacts of oil palm plantations and their implications for biofuel production in Indonesia. Ecology and Society, 17(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-04775-170125
  68. Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge University Press.
  69. Ostrom, E. (1999a). Collective Action And The Evolution Of Social Norms. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(3), 137-158. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.14.3.137
  70. Ostrom, E. (1999b). Coping with tragedies of the commons. Annual Review of Political Science, 2(1), 493-535. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.2.1.493
  71. Ostrom, E. (2005a). Self-governance and forest resources. In Shah, P., & Maitra, V. (Eds.), Terracotta reader: a market approach to the environment (pp. 131-154). Academic Foundation.
  72. Ostrom, E. (2005b). Understanding institutional diversity. Princeton University Press.
  73. Ostrom, E. (2008a). Design Principles of Robust Property–Rights Institutions: What Have We Learned. In Cole, D. H., & McGinnis, M. D. (Eds.), Elinor Ostrom and the Bloomington School of Political Economy: Resource Governance (Volume 2) (pp. 215-248). Lexington Books.
  74. Ostrom, E. (2008b). Institutions and the Environment. Economic affairs, 28(3), 24-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0270.2008.00840.x
  75. Ostrom, E. (2009). Understanding institutional diversity. Princeton University Press.
  76. Ostrom, E. (2010). Analyzing collective action. Agricultural Economics, 41, 155-166. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2010.00497.x
  77. Özerol, G. (2013). Institutions of farmer participation and environmental sustainability: a multi-level analysis from irrigation management in Harran Plain, Turkey. International Journal of the Commons, 7(1), 73–91. http://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.368.
  78. Pomeroy, R. S., & Berkes, F. (1997). Two to tango: the role of government in fisheries co-management. Marine policy, 21(5), 465-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-597X(97)00017-1
  79. Pretty, J. (2003). Social capital and the collective management of resources. Science, 302(5652), 1912-1914. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1090847
  80. Purnhagen, K. (2015). Mapping private regulation–classification, market access and market closure policy and law’s response. Journal of World Trade, 49(2), 309-323.
  81. Ratner, B. D., Meinzen-Dick, R., May, C., & Haglund, E. (2013). Resource conflict, collective action, and resilience: an analytical framework. International Journal of the Commons, 7(1), 183–208. http://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.276
  82. Reumi, F. (2018). Local Leadership Legal Of Etnography In Traditional Area In Papua (Legal Anthropology Perspective). Papua Law Journal, 2(2), 137-155.
  83. Ribot, J. C., & Peluso, N. L. (2003). A theory of access. Rural Sociology, 68(2), 153-181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.2003.tb00133.x
  84. Riggs, R. A., Sayer, J., Margules, C., Boedhihartono, A. K., Langston, J. D., & Sutanto, H. (2016). Forest tenure and conflict in Indonesia: Contested rights in Rempek Village, Lombok. Land use Policy, 57, 241-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.06.002
  85. Sandler, T. (2015). Collective action: fifty years later. Public Choice, 164(3), 195-216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-015-0252-0
  86. Sari, M. K. Book Review. Finding a New Prism of Understanding the “Papua Conflict” Through Papua’s Insecurity: State Failure in the Indonesian Periphery. Humaniora, 29(1), 122-124. https://doi.org/10.22146/jh.22574
  87. Sarker, A. (2005). Land improvement districts as irrigation common-pool resources in Japan. Case Study submitted for the joint study Rural Common Property in a Perspective of Development and Modernization. University of Queensland.
  88. Sarker, A., Ikeda, T., Abe, T., & Inoue, K. (2015). Design principles for managing coastal fisheries commons in present-day Japan. Ecological Economics, 117, 32-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.06.019
  89. Sarker, A., & Itoh, T. (2001). Design principles in long-enduring institutions of Japanese irrigation common-pool resources. Agricultural Water Management, 48(2), 89-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(00)00125-6
  90. Satria, A., Matsuda, Y., & Sano, M. (2006). Contractual solution to the tragedy of property right in coastal fisheries. Marine Policy, 30(3), 226-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2005.01.003
  91. Saunders, F. P. (2014). The promise of common pool resource theory and the reality of commons projects. International Journal of the Commons, 8(2), 636–656. http://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.477
  92. Scholtens, J. (2016). The elusive quest for access and collective action: North Sri Lankan fishers’ thwarted struggles against a foreign trawler fleet. International Journal of the Commons, 10(2), 929–952. http://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.627
  93. Schutz, A. B. (2010). Grassland governance and common-interest communities. Sustainability, 2(7), 2320-2348. https://doi.org/10.3390/su2072320
  94. Shepherd, D. A., & Suddaby, R. (2017). Theory building: A review and integration. Journal of Management, 43(1), 59-86. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0149 206316647102
  95. Shimada, D. (2014). External impacts on traditional commons and present-day changes: a case study of iriai forests in Yamaguni district, Kyoto, Japan. International Journal of the Commons, 8(1), 207–235. http://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.348
  96. Sikor, T., & Lund, C. (2009). Access and property: a question of power and authority. Development and Change, 40(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2009.01503.x
  97. Sterling, E. J., Betley, E., Sigouin, A., Gomez, A., Toomey, A., Cullman, G., ... & Porzecanski, A. L. (2017). Assessing the evidence for stakeholder engagement in biodiversity conservation. Biological Conservation, 209, 159-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.02.008
  98. Sunderlin, W. D., Larson, A. M., Duchelle, A. E., Resosudarmo, I. A. P., Huynh, T. B., Awono, A., & Dokken, T. (2014). How are REDD+ proponents addressing tenure problems? Evidence from Brazil, Cameroon, Tanzania, Indonesia, and Vietnam. World Development, 55, 37-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev. 2013.01.013
  99. Syartinilia, S., Wahyuni, S., Siahainenia, A. J., & Santoso, I. (2019). Environmentally sensitive area models for supporting West Papua conservation province. Sixth International Symposium on LAPAN-IPB Satellite, 11372, 113721D. International Society for Optics and Photonics. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2542766
  100. Termeer, C. J., Stuiver, M., Gerritsen, A., & Huntjens, P. (2013). Integrating self-governance in heavily regulated policy fields: insights from a Dutch Farmers' Cooperative. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 15(2), 285-302. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2013.778670
  101. Teubner, G. & Collins, H. (2011). Networks As Connected Contracts : Edited with an Introduction by Hugh Collins. Hart Publishing.
  102. The Samdhana Institute. (2017). Creating conservation development codes under clear tenure rights in Papua, cases from Tambrauw. The Samdhana Institute. Retrieved from https://www.samdhana.org/stories/creating-conservation-development-codes-under-clear-tenure-rights-papua-cases-tambrauw
  103. Trawick, P. B. (2001). Successfully governing the commons: Principles of social organization in an Andean irrigation system. Human Ecology, 29(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007199304395
  104. Vollan, B., Prediger, S., & Frölich, M. (2013). Co-managing common-pool resources: Do formal rules have to be adapted to traditional ecological norms?. Ecological Economics, 95, 51-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.08.010
  105. Werthmann, C., Weingart, A., & Kirk, M. (2010). Common pool resources-a challenge for local governance, experimental research in Eight Villages in the Mekong Delta of Cambodia and Vietnam. CAPRi Working Paper No. 98. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
Read More

Author Biography

Josephine van Zeben, Chair of the LAW group at Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
PhD candidate at Wageningen University, the Netherlands
Download this PDF file
PDF